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Chronic pain

Latest update December 15, 2025
Constantine Constantoyiannis avatar photo
Constantine Constantoyiannis
Neurosurgeon - Professor

Many patients experience pain (soreness) in an area of the body that is not relieved by medication. The pain may be caused by injuries, fractures, spinal surgery (failed back syndrome), systemic diseases (diabetic neuropathy), radiculopathy, or be of unknown cause.

Usually patients exhaust the limits of pharmacotherapy (anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, antidepressants, opioids, etc.) before being taken to surgery Depending on the type of pain (somatic or neuropathic pain) we can intervene and modify the pain intensity in two ways:

  • Implantation of a drug pump subcutaneously (chemical neuromodulation),
  • Implantation of spinal cord electrodes with a neurostimulator (spinal cord stimulation).

In our clinic we have a large number of patients who have undergone similar procedures with excellent results.

i286823014284213243.jpgElectrodes placed in the cervical spine epidurally for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

i286823014284213191.jpgSpinal cord neurostimulator placement diagram for chronic pain

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