Constantinos Constantoyiannis

Back pain (low back pain) is a very common symptom and is the most common cause of absence from work in adults. The most common treatment intervention is conservative (including bed rest for a few days and painkillers).

In simple problems in the spine (herniated discs or stenosis), neurosurgical intervention is very selective and the solution is percutaneous approach and microdiscectomy or discectomy. In these cases, the placement of materials in the spine is not required.

In cervical myelopathy we have damage to the spinal cord at the level of the cervical spine. The most common cause is pressure from a cervical herniated disc or osteophyte (cervical spondylosis).

Intervertebral disc herniation is a very common condition in adults. It is caused when a small part of the intervertebral disc (inserted between the vertebrae) presses on the adjacent nerve, resulting in pain in the leg (sciatica) or arm.

By spasticity we mean the difficulty in passive movement of the arms or legs due to damage to the central nervous system and pyramidal syndrome.

Trauma to the cervical spine is one of the most common causes of disability and even death after car accidents or falls. The types of neck injuries are numerous and their prognosis varies considerably.

The loss of bone density and the accompanying qualitative change in bone composition is called osteoporosis. It results in the fragility of bones (vertebrae, long bones) and fractures. The lifetime probability of osteoporotic fracture is 16% in women and 5% in men.

About 4,000,000 people in the world suffer from idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In the US there are an estimated 1,000,000 Parkinson's patients and 60,000 new cases are reported each year.

Deep electrical stimulation of the brain is a treatment method for Parkinson's disease, based on the application of current through electrodes to specific structures (nuclei) in the brain.

This painful facial condition has been described in medical literature for over 100 years. The symptoms are described as brief stabbing or electrical pains on one side of the face.

Brain tumours are manifested by headache (55%), progressive weakness in the limbs (45%) or seizures (25%). There may be communication disorders (dysphasia) and behavioural changes (apathy, emotional disturbance, confusion, depression, etc.)

Cerebral vascular angiomas are rare vascular malformations that manifest with bleeding (20%) or seizures (60%). They are found in 0.02-0.13% of the population and may be hereditary.

Many patients experience pain (soreness) in an area of the body that is not relieved by medication. The pain may be caused by injuries, fractures, spinal surgery (failed back syndrome), systemic diseases (diabetic neuropathy), radiculopathy, or be of unknown cause.